Revisión del recurso eólico: impacto global, retos y barreras para su integración en los sistemas eléctricos

Abstract

Wind energy, recognized as renewable energy, clean, ecological and inexhaustible, capable of reducing energy dependence and allied against climate change, has developed rapidly in recent years; promoted by renewable integration policies. In this field, this work presents an overview of the state of the art of global wind energy, comparing and classifying the variables of research: global statistics of the electricity generated, the installed-accumulated wind capacity and classification by geographical areas. Comparison of the onshore and offshore wind capacity including the ranking of countries and the classification by marine areas. The wind scenarios of the European Union and the rest of the main countries are detailed, as well as short-term forecasts and European targets for 2020-2030. The advanced technology and the gradual reduction of costs, validate wind energy as a competent primary energy source, for its integration with electrical systems, despite this there are barriers to take into consideration: technological, use of the wind resource, integration, social, environmental and educational; important to overcome to achieve energy goals by expanding wind visibility as a source of energy in the energy mix.